Atom transfer radical polymerization pdf

January 27, 2024

Atom transfer radical polymerization pdf
Krzysztof (Kris) Matyjaszewski was born in Konstantynow, Poland, in 1950. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 1976 at the Polish Academy of Sciences in Lodz, Poland, working in the laboratories of Professor S. Penczek.
Approaching 25 years since its invention, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is established as a powerful technique to prepare precisely defined polymeric materials. This perspective focuses on the relation between structure and activity of ATRP catalysts, and the consequent choice of the initiating system, which are paramount aspects to well‐controlled polymerizations. The ATRP
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) [14–21] is one of the most powerful reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) techniques, and was already
Abstract. Atom transfer radical polymerization is a versatile technique for exerting precise control over polymer molecular weights, molecular weight distributions, and complex architectures.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION Introduction The development of living polymerization (1,2) enabled the production of polymers with precisely controlled molecular weight, narrow molecular weight distribution, and well-defined architecture and composition. For the most recent compilation of controlled/living polymerization techniques, see references (3,4). There are a
Abstract: Current status and future perspectives in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) are presented. Special emphasis is placed on mechanistic understanding of ATRP, recent synthetic and process development, and new controlled polymer architectures
ii DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (2015) McMaster University (Chemical Engineering) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Modeling of atom transfer radical polymerization and
This investigation reports atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and its copolymerization with butyl methacrylate (BMA) in emulsion.
Atom transfer radical polymerization in aqueous dispersed media half a century since free radical polymerizations were first applied to aqueous dispersed media.
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), a transition metal-mediated living radical polymerization, has been developed as a powerful tool for synthesizing polymers of controlled structure, but its catalyst residue remains challenging.
2102 Y. WEI ET AL. During the preparation of functional materials, the surface modification of materials is an important concept. surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP)
Styrene polymerization via generation of activators by monomer addition (GAMA) for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been examined extensively with bulk FeX3 and FeX2 at 110 °C in
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been successfully employed for the preparation of various advanced materials with controlled architecture. New catalysts with strongly enhanced activity permit more environmentally benign ATRP procedures using ppm levels of catalyst. Precise control over polymer composition, topology, and incorporation of site specific functionality enables
A method based on reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (R-ATRP) and molecular crowding has been used for design and synthesis of monolithic molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) capable of recognizing ibuprofen (IBU). 4-Vinylpyridine (4-VP) was used as the functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) was the crosslinking monomer.
Summary. A method for the atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is described.
As a method for overcoming the challenge of rigorous deoxygenation in copper-mediated controlled radical polymerization processes [e.g., atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP)], reported here is a simple Cu -RDRP (RDRP=reversible deactivation radical polymerization) system in the absence of external additives (e.


Application of novel ionic liquids for reverse atom
Nanostructured Functional Materials by Atom Transfer
Kinetics of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Feature
Liu, Xiaohui Zhu, Qian Zhang, Qiuyan Zhang, Yanguang and Ding, Chen 2017. A facile, simple, and inexpensive ionic liquid, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazole chloride, as ligand for the iron(iii)-mediated reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate.
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ATRP is a recently developed method for controlling radical polymerization (Zhou et al., 2008), and has been one of the most widely employed techniques, involving a fast dynamic equilibrium between dormant species and active radical species to provide control of the polymerization (Hou et al., 2006).
Abstract. During the last decade, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) received significant attention due to its exceptional capability of synthesizing polymers with pre-determined molecular weight, well-defined molecular architectures and various functionalities.
Organic photoredox catalysts have been shown to operate organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerizations (O-ATRP) using visible light as the driving force. In this work, the effect of light intensity from white LEDs was evaluated as an influential factor in control over the polymerization and the production of well-defined polymers. We
Disclosed is an improved atom transfer polymerization process which includes exposing an atom transfer radical polymerization process to visible light thereby increasing the polymerization rate and conversion of monomers, while significantly reducing the amount of …
Atom transfer radical polymerization ( ATRP ) is an example of a reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. Like its counterpart, ATRA or atom transfer radical addition , it is a means of forming a carbon-carbon bond through a transition metal catalyst.
Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) is one of the most versatile techniques to modify the surface properties of materials. Recent developed metal-free SI-ATRP makes such techniques more widely applicable. Herein photo-induced metal-free SI-ATRP of methacrylates, such as methyl methacrylate,
Nitroxide Mediated and Atom Transfer Radical Graft Polymerization of Atactic Polymers Onto Syndiotactic Polystyrene 287
ABSTRACT Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has proven to be a powerful technique to obtain polymers with narrow polydispersities and controlled molecular weight.
Impact of Light Intensity on Control in Photoinduced
Abstract The heterogeneous atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene using various onium salts as ligands in the presence of (1‐chloroethyl or 1‐bromoethyl) benzene [PEX (X = Cl, Br)] was investigated. The rate of polymerization using these onium salts as ligands exhibited non‐linear first‐order kinetics with respect to the monomer.
Robust superhydrophobic and superoleophilic filter paper via atom transfer radical polymerization for oil/water separation. Authors: Hui Wu NIST Center for Neutron Research Gaithersburg United States . Longhui Wu College of Material Engineering West Lafayette United States. Shengchang Lu College of Material Engineering. Xinxing Lin Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University. He Xiao
ABSTRACT: An extension of atom transfer radical addition, ATRA, to atom transfer radical polymeri- zation, ATRP, provided a new and efficient way to conduct controlled/”living” radical polymerization.
Temporal control in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) relies on modulating the oxidation state of a copper catalyst, as polymer chains are activated by L/Cu I and deactivated by L/Cu II.
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is an example of a reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. Like its counterpart, ATRA, or atom transfer radical addition, ATRP is a means of forming a carbon-carbon bond with a transition metal catalyst.
Graft copolymerization of N,N-Dimethylacrylamide to cellulose in homogeneous media using atom transfer radical polymerization for hemocompatibility
Atom-transfer radical-polymerization ipfs.io
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) ATRP is mechanistically related to transition metal mediated atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) reactions(1) and indeed this relationship was the reason this transition metal mediated controlled radical polymerization process was named ATRP.(2) ATRP can be viewed as a very special case of ATRA.
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and the Synthesis of Polymeric Materials** By Timothy E. Patten* and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski 1. Introduction
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was applied to homo and block copolymerization of vinyl monomers methacrylates, acrylates, and styrene with iron …
Atom-Transfer Radical-Polymerization ATRP is a recently developed method for controlling radical polymerization (Zhou et al., 2008), and has been one of the most widely employed techniques, involving a fast dynamic equilibrium between dormant species and active radical species to provide control of the polymerization (Hou et al., 2006).
STUDIES ON ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION OF
Atom transfer radical polymerization – Download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online.
If searched for a book Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization: Progress in ATRP, NMP and RAFT (ACS Symposium Series) in pdf format, then you have come on to the faithful website.
Read “Single‐Mode Microwave‐Assisted Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Catalyzed by [RuCl2(p‐cymene)(PCy3)], Macromolecular Rapid Communications” on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has become one of the most implemented methods for polymer synthesis, owing to impressive control over polymer composition and associated properties. However, contamination of the polymer by the metal
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been used to prepare a core–shell hybrid nanostructure successfully: a hard core of single-crystalline lanthanum hydroxide nanowires and a soft shell of polystyrene (PS) brushes.
Use of the interior cavity of the P22 capsid for site-specific initiation of atom-transfer radical polymerization with high-density cargo loading
Read “Controlled Aqueous Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization with Electrochemical Generation of the Active Catalyst, Angewandte Chemie International Edition” on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
Many advanced nanostructured functional materials were recently designed and prepared by controlled/ living radical polymerization (CRP). More than 100 million tons of …
The mechanism of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) mediated by sodium dithionite (Na 2 S 2 O 4), with Cu II Br 2 /Me 6 TREN as catalyst (Me 6 TREN: tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine) in ethanol/water mixtures, was investigated experimentally and by kinetic simulations. – images not appearing in pdf from word Embodiments of the polymerization process of the present invention are directed to polymerizing free radically polymerizable monomers in the presence of a polymerization medium initially comprising at least one transition metal catalyst and an atom transfer radical polymerization initiator.
that a catalyst that is highly reducing in the excited state is needed to activate the alkyl bromide chain-end. The lack of reaction in the dark suggested that the
Atom transfer radical polymerization has been employed for the polymerization of styrene initiated by ethyl-2- bromoisobutyrate in anisole at 100 °C with Cu(I)Br/PMDETA as the catalytic system. Kinetic investigations reveal that
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is an example of a reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. Like its counterpart, ATRA or atom transfer radical addition, it is a means of forming a carbon-carbon bond through a transition metal catalyst.
104 Samiul Islam Chowdhury et al.: Kinetic Studies on Bulk Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Styrene with α, α-dichlorotoluene (DCT) as initiator [17].
Atom transfer radical polymerization is a versatile technique for exerting precise control over polymer molecular weights, molecular weight distributions, and complex architectures. Here, we
Controlled radical polymerizations, like atom transfer radical polymerizations (ATRP) [1], reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) [2, 3], and nitroxide-mediated polymerizations (NMP) [4]
Controlled radical polymerization (CRP) techniques have been reviewed in a number of articles 1,2 and books, 3 and include nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), 4-7 reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), 8-10 and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). 11 All of these CRP techniques operate by rapidly establishing an equilibrium between a small fraction of active
SILOXYL AND HYDROXYL FUNCTIONALIZED POLYMERS BY ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION BY NOMFUSI AUGUSTA MPUTUMANA submitted in accordance with the requirements for
Atom transfer radical polymerization in aqueous dispersed
Synthesis of polymers with hydroxyl end groups by atom transfer radical polymerization 129 as a metal/ligand complex. The theoretical (M— n = 3200)
iii Abstract Atom transfer radical polymerization is a new and important living polymerization mechanism because it can produce many different polymers with
POLYMER SCIENCE Series B Vol. 48 Nos. 1–2 2006 DITHIOESTERS IN ATOM-TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION 33 ferred by varying the induction, resonance, or steric
Abstract PETRIE, RANDALL JAMES. Polymerization in Confined Geometries. (Under the direction of Professors Christopher B. Gorman and Jan Genzer.)
Significant advances in this area have been achieved by the development of living radical polymerization techniques, especially nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) [11,12], reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) , and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) .
ORIGINAL PAPER A novel ligand for atom transfer radical polymerization Guilin Xiao Æ Xinlin Hong Æ Haibo Zhang Æ Xiaohai Zhou Received: 26 November 2008/Revised: 1 March 2009/Accepted: 1 …
Among the many controlled polymerizations, atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is most widely used, [15] particularly for surface grafting in aqueous solution.
Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate on magnetite nanoparticles Novel ionic liquids as reaction medium for atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Its Continuous
Single‐Mode Microwave‐Assisted Atom Transfer Radical
Dithioesters in Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization

Electrochemically Induced Surface-Initiated Atom-Transfer
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Matyjaszewski
Thermoresponsive polystyrene-b-poly( N-isopropylacrylamide

US6071980A Atom transfer radical polymerization – Google

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Billion Times More

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Styrene Using

Tools for Performing ATRP (Atom Transfer Radical

Visible Light-Induced Metal Free Surface Initiated Atom
images will not show up pdf chrome print – “Atom-transfer radical-polymerization” on Revolvy.com
Towards more controlled poly(n-butyl methacrylate) by atom
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and the Synthesis of

SILOXYL AND HYDROXYL FUNCTIONALIZED POLYMERS BY ATOM

Metal-Free Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

A novel ligand for atom transfer radical polymerization

Metal-Free Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and the Synthesis of

Styrene polymerization via generation of activators by monomer addition (GAMA) for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been examined extensively with bulk FeX3 and FeX2 at 110 °C in
Significant advances in this area have been achieved by the development of living radical polymerization techniques, especially nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) [11,12], reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) , and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) .
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) [14–21] is one of the most powerful reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) techniques, and was already
Organic photoredox catalysts have been shown to operate organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerizations (O-ATRP) using visible light as the driving force. In this work, the effect of light intensity from white LEDs was evaluated as an influential factor in control over the polymerization and the production of well-defined polymers. We
FUNDAMENTALS OF ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION Introduction The development of living polymerization (1,2) enabled the production of polymers with precisely controlled molecular weight, narrow molecular weight distribution, and well-defined architecture and composition. For the most recent compilation of controlled/living polymerization techniques, see references (3,4). There are a
Abstract PETRIE, RANDALL JAMES. Polymerization in Confined Geometries. (Under the direction of Professors Christopher B. Gorman and Jan Genzer.)
Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate on magnetite nanoparticles Novel ionic liquids as reaction medium for atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate
SILOXYL AND HYDROXYL FUNCTIONALIZED POLYMERS BY ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION BY NOMFUSI AUGUSTA MPUTUMANA submitted in accordance with the requirements for
Liu, Xiaohui Zhu, Qian Zhang, Qiuyan Zhang, Yanguang and Ding, Chen 2017. A facile, simple, and inexpensive ionic liquid, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazole chloride, as ligand for the iron(iii)-mediated reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate.
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been successfully employed for the preparation of various advanced materials with controlled architecture. New catalysts with strongly enhanced activity permit more environmentally benign ATRP procedures using ppm levels of catalyst. Precise control over polymer composition, topology, and incorporation of site specific functionality enables
ABSTRACT Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has proven to be a powerful technique to obtain polymers with narrow polydispersities and controlled molecular weight.
Use of the interior cavity of the P22 capsid for site-specific initiation of atom-transfer radical polymerization with high-density cargo loading

US8404788B2 Atom transfer radical polymerization process
Application of novel ionic liquids for reverse atom

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has become one of the most implemented methods for polymer synthesis, owing to impressive control over polymer composition and associated properties. However, contamination of the polymer by the metal
Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) is one of the most versatile techniques to modify the surface properties of materials. Recent developed metal-free SI-ATRP makes such techniques more widely applicable. Herein photo-induced metal-free SI-ATRP of methacrylates, such as methyl methacrylate,
Atom transfer radical polymerization has been employed for the polymerization of styrene initiated by ethyl-2- bromoisobutyrate in anisole at 100 °C with Cu(I)Br/PMDETA as the catalytic system. Kinetic investigations reveal that
Nitroxide Mediated and Atom Transfer Radical Graft Polymerization of Atactic Polymers Onto Syndiotactic Polystyrene 287
Embodiments of the polymerization process of the present invention are directed to polymerizing free radically polymerizable monomers in the presence of a polymerization medium initially comprising at least one transition metal catalyst and an atom transfer radical polymerization initiator.
Organic photoredox catalysts have been shown to operate organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerizations (O-ATRP) using visible light as the driving force. In this work, the effect of light intensity from white LEDs was evaluated as an influential factor in control over the polymerization and the production of well-defined polymers. We
Approaching 25 years since its invention, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is established as a powerful technique to prepare precisely defined polymeric materials. This perspective focuses on the relation between structure and activity of ATRP catalysts, and the consequent choice of the initiating system, which are paramount aspects to well‐controlled polymerizations. The ATRP
Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate on magnetite nanoparticles Novel ionic liquids as reaction medium for atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate
Controlled radical polymerizations, like atom transfer radical polymerizations (ATRP) [1], reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) [2, 3], and nitroxide-mediated polymerizations (NMP) [4]
Use of the interior cavity of the P22 capsid for site-specific initiation of atom-transfer radical polymerization with high-density cargo loading
2102 Y. WEI ET AL. During the preparation of functional materials, the surface modification of materials is an important concept. surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP)
This investigation reports atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and its copolymerization with butyl methacrylate (BMA) in emulsion.

Functionalization of lanthanum hydroxide nanowires by atom
Atom-transfer radical-polymerization ipfs.io

Among the many controlled polymerizations, atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is most widely used, [15] particularly for surface grafting in aqueous solution.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION Introduction The development of living polymerization (1,2) enabled the production of polymers with precisely controlled molecular weight, narrow molecular weight distribution, and well-defined architecture and composition. For the most recent compilation of controlled/living polymerization techniques, see references (3,4). There are a
Abstract PETRIE, RANDALL JAMES. Polymerization in Confined Geometries. (Under the direction of Professors Christopher B. Gorman and Jan Genzer.)
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was applied to homo and block copolymerization of vinyl monomers methacrylates, acrylates, and styrene with iron …
Controlled radical polymerization (CRP) techniques have been reviewed in a number of articles 1,2 and books, 3 and include nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), 4-7 reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), 8-10 and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). 11 All of these CRP techniques operate by rapidly establishing an equilibrium between a small fraction of active
Styrene polymerization via generation of activators by monomer addition (GAMA) for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been examined extensively with bulk FeX3 and FeX2 at 110 °C in
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and the Synthesis of Polymeric Materials** By Timothy E. Patten* and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski 1. Introduction
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has become one of the most implemented methods for polymer synthesis, owing to impressive control over polymer composition and associated properties. However, contamination of the polymer by the metal
Atom transfer radical polymerization is a versatile technique for exerting precise control over polymer molecular weights, molecular weight distributions, and complex architectures. Here, we
Read “Controlled Aqueous Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization with Electrochemical Generation of the Active Catalyst, Angewandte Chemie International Edition” on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
A method based on reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (R-ATRP) and molecular crowding has been used for design and synthesis of monolithic molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) capable of recognizing ibuprofen (IBU). 4-Vinylpyridine (4-VP) was used as the functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) was the crosslinking monomer.
Use of the interior cavity of the P22 capsid for site-specific initiation of atom-transfer radical polymerization with high-density cargo loading
104 Samiul Islam Chowdhury et al.: Kinetic Studies on Bulk Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Styrene with α, α-dichlorotoluene (DCT) as initiator [17].
2102 Y. WEI ET AL. During the preparation of functional materials, the surface modification of materials is an important concept. surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP)

Electrochemically Mediated Atom Transfer Radical
Atom transfer radical polymerization Publications PubFacts

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has become one of the most implemented methods for polymer synthesis, owing to impressive control over polymer composition and associated properties. However, contamination of the polymer by the metal
Abstract: Current status and future perspectives in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) are presented. Special emphasis is placed on mechanistic understanding of ATRP, recent synthetic and process development, and new controlled polymer architectures
Summary. A method for the atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is described.
Read “Single‐Mode Microwave‐Assisted Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Catalyzed by [RuCl2(p‐cymene)(PCy3)], Macromolecular Rapid Communications” on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
Temporal control in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) relies on modulating the oxidation state of a copper catalyst, as polymer chains are activated by L/Cu I and deactivated by L/Cu II.
Krzysztof (Kris) Matyjaszewski was born in Konstantynow, Poland, in 1950. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 1976 at the Polish Academy of Sciences in Lodz, Poland, working in the laboratories of Professor S. Penczek.

Robust superhydrophobic and superoleophilic filter paper
Redox-switchable atom transfer radical polymerization

SILOXYL AND HYDROXYL FUNCTIONALIZED POLYMERS BY ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION BY NOMFUSI AUGUSTA MPUTUMANA submitted in accordance with the requirements for
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been successfully employed for the preparation of various advanced materials with controlled architecture. New catalysts with strongly enhanced activity permit more environmentally benign ATRP procedures using ppm levels of catalyst. Precise control over polymer composition, topology, and incorporation of site specific functionality enables
ORIGINAL PAPER A novel ligand for atom transfer radical polymerization Guilin Xiao Æ Xinlin Hong Æ Haibo Zhang Æ Xiaohai Zhou Received: 26 November 2008/Revised: 1 March 2009/Accepted: 1 …
Abstract The heterogeneous atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene using various onium salts as ligands in the presence of (1‐chloroethyl or 1‐bromoethyl) benzene [PEX (X = Cl, Br)] was investigated. The rate of polymerization using these onium salts as ligands exhibited non‐linear first‐order kinetics with respect to the monomer.
Use of the interior cavity of the P22 capsid for site-specific initiation of atom-transfer radical polymerization with high-density cargo loading